Adrenaline: a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands, especially in conditions of stress, increasing rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and preparing muscles for exertion. Adrenals: Adrenal glands are composed of two parts — the cortex and the medulla which are each responsible for producing different hormones. The adrenals produce hormones that help regulate the metabolism, stress levels, immune system and blood pressure. Atrophy: (of body tissue or an organ) waste away, especially as a result of the degeneration of cells, or become vestigial during evolution. ATP: Adenosine 5'-triphosphate, or ATP, is the principal molecule for storing and transferring energy in cells. It is often referred to as the energy currency of the cell and can be compared to storing money in a bank. Basal Metabolic Rate: the rate at which the body uses energy while at rest to keep vital functions going, such as breathing and keeping warm. Biology: a branch of knowledge that deals with living organisms and vital processes. Calcification: Calcification is a process in which calcium builds up in body tissue, causing the tissue to harden. Carbon Dioxide: a colorless, odorless gas produced by burning carbon and organic compounds and by respiration. It is naturally present in air (about 0.03 percent) and is absorbed by plants in photosynthesis Carbon Monoxide: is an odorless, colorless gas formed by the incomplete combustion of fuels. When people are exposed to CO gas, the CO molecules will displace the oxygen in their bodies and lead to poisoning. Collagen: a protein made up of amino- acids, which are in turn built of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. Collagen contains specific amino acids – Glycine, Proline, Hydroxyproline and Arginine. Collagen makes up approximately 30% of the proteins within the body. These are tough and strong structures found all over the body: in bones, tendons and ligaments. Co-Q10: abbreviation for coenzyme, a ubiquinone C59H90O4 of humans and most other mammals that has a side chain with ten isoprenoid units and possesses antioxidant properties. Dopamine: a compound present in the body as a neurotransmitter and a precursor of other substances including epinephrine. Endocrine System: A series of glands that produce and secrete hormones that the body uses for a wide range of functions. Energy: All forms of energy are associated with motion and potential. Energy can manifest in physics, mechanics, Heat (thermal), kinetic, chemical, electrical, and nuclear. Essential Fatty Acids: a fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the body (or not in adequate amounts) and is therefore essential to the diet. In humans, alpha- linolenic acid and linolenic acid are the primary essential fatty acids. Estrogen: are hormones that are important for sexual and reproductive development, mainly in women. Fibrosis: describes the development of fibrous connective tissue as a reparative response to injury or damage. Fibrosis may refer to the connective tissue deposition that occurs as part of normal healing or to the excess tissue deposition that occurs as a pathological process. Fructose: a hexose sugar found especially in honey and fruit. Glucose: a simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates. Gonads: an organ that produces gametes; a testis or ovary. Hexoses: any of the class of simple sugars whose molecules contain six carbon atoms, such as glucose and fructose. They generally have the chemical formula C 6 H 12 O 6 . Hormones: a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action. Hypothyroid: suffering from abnormally low activity of the thyroid gland. Inflammation: a local response to cellular injury that is marked by capillary dilatation, leukocytic infiltration, redness, heat, and pain and that serves as a mechanism initiating the elimination of noxious agents and of damaged tissue. Ketosis: a metabolic state characterized by raised levels of ketone bodies in the body tissues, which is typically pathological in conditions such as diabetes, or may be the consequence of a diet that is very low in carbohydrates. Lactic Acid: : a hygroscopic organic acid C3H6O3 present normally especially in muscle tissue as a by-product of anaerobic glycolysis, produced in carbohydrate matter usually by bacterial fermentation, and used especially in food and medicine and in industry. Metabolism: the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. Malnutrition: faulty nutrition due to inadequate or unbalanced intake of nutrients or their impaired assimilation or utilization. Mitochondria: are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Niacin: Another term for nicotinic acid. Niacin helps some enzymes work properly and helps skin, nerves, and the digestive tract stay healthy. Niacin is found in many plant and animal products. Also called vitamin B3. Nutrients: is the biochemical and physiological process by which an organism uses food to support its life. It includes ingestion, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism and excretion. Organelle: An organelle is a sub- cellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body. Among the more important cell organelles are the nuclei, which store genetic information; mitochondria, which produce chemical energy; and ribosomes, which assemble proteins. Paleo: older or ancient, especially relating to the geological past. Physiology: a branch of biology that deals with the functions and activities of life or of living matter (such as organs, tissues, or cells) and of the physical and chemical phenomena involved Pregnenolone: is an endogenous steroid and precursor/metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of most of the steroid hormones, including the progestogens, androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids. In addition, pregnenolone is biologically active in its own right, acting as a neurosteroid. Prolactin: a hormone released from the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates milk production after childbirth. Prostaglandins: any of a group of compounds with varying hormone-like effects, notably the promotion of uterine contractions. They are cyclic fatty acids. PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids. Serotonin: a compound present in blood platelets and serum, which constricts the blood vessels and acts as a neurotransmitter. Steroid: any of a large class of organic compounds with a characteristic molecular structure containing four rings of carbon atoms (three six-membered and one five). They include many hormones, alkaloids, and vitamins. Testosterone: a steroid hormone that stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics, produced mainly in the testes, but also in the ovaries and adrenal cortex. Thyroid: a large ductless gland in the neck which secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism. Vitamin: A Chemical compound that is needed in small amounts for the human body to work correctly.